Macro Fiber Composite™ (MFC) P2 & P3 type, d₃₁ effect – Contractor

High-field (|E| > 1kV/mm),

biased-voltage-operation piezoelectric constants:

d33 P1, F1 type, in rod direction

4.6E+02 pC/N

4.6E+02 pm/V

d31 P2 type, in electrode direction

-2.1E+02 pC/N

-2.1E+02 pm/V

Low-field (|E| < 1kV/mm > 300V),

unbiased-operation piezoelectric constants:

d33 P1, F1 type, in rod direction

4.0E+02 pC/N

4.0E+02 pC/N

d33 P1, F1 type, in rod direction

-1.7E+02 pC/N

-1.7E+02 pC/N

Average free-strain per volt

(low-field – high-field) for d33 P1, F1 type

in rod direction

~ 0.75 – 0.9 ppm/V

~ 0.75 – 0.9 ppm/V

Average free-strain per volt

(low-field – high-field) for d31 P2 type 

in rod direction

~1.1 – 1.3 ppm/V

~1.1 – 1.3 ppm/V

Free-strain hysteresis in rod direction

~ 0.2

~ 0.2

DC poling voltage, Vpol for d33 P1, F1 type

+1500V

+1500V

DC poling voltage, Vpol for d31 P2 type

+360V

+360V

Poled capacitance @ 1kHz, room temp,

Cpol for d33 P1, F1 type

~ 0.30 nF/cm²

~ 1.94 nF/in²

Poled capacitance @ 1kHz, room temp,
Cpol for d31 P2 type

~ 7.8 nF/cm²

~ 50 nF/ in²

Orthotropic Linear Elastic Properties

(constant electric field):

Tensile modulus, E1 in rod direction

30.336 GPa

4.4E+06 psi

Tensile modulus, E1 in electrode direction

15.857 GPa

2.3E+06 psi

Poisson’s ratio, v12

0.31

0.31

Poisson’s ratio, v21

0.16

0.16

Shear modulus, G12 rules of mixture estimate

5.515 GPa

8.0E+05 psi

Operational Parameters:

Maximum operational positive voltage

Vmax for d33 P1, F1 type

+1500

+1500V

Maximum operational positive voltage 

Vmax for d31 P2 type

+360V

+360V

Maximum operational negative voltage

Vmin for d33 P1, F1 type

-500V

-500V

Maximum operational negative voltage 

Vmin for d31 P2 type

-60V

-60V

Linear-elastic tensile strain limit¹

1000 ppm

1000 ppm

Maximum operational tensile strain¹

< 4500 ppm

< 4500 ppm

Recommended tensile strain for Energy Harvesting

< 600 ppm

< 600 ppm

Peak work-energy density

~48800 Nm/m³

~7 in-lb/in³

Temperature and Lifetime Parameters:

Minimum operating temperature

all Versions

-35°C

-31°F

Maximum operating temperature

Standard Version

< 85°C

< 176°F

Maximum operating temperature

HT Version

< 130°C

< 266°F

Operational lifetime (@ 1kVp-p)

> 10E+09 cycles

> 10E+09 cycles

Operational lifetime (@ 2kVp-p, 500VDC)

> 10E+07 cycles

> 10E+07 cycles

Operational Bandwidth:

Operational bandwidth as actuator

high electric field

0Hz up to 10 kHz

0Hz up to 10 kHz

Operational bandwidth as actuator

low electric field levels

(< 33% of max operating voltage)

0Hz up to 700kHz

0Hz up to 700kHz

Operational bandwidth as sensor

0Hz up to 1 MHz

0Hz up to 1 MHz

Additional mechanical parameters:

Thickness of all MFC types

300µm, +-10%

12 mil +-10%

Volume Density, active area

5.44 g/cm³

5.44 g/cm³

Area Density, active area

0.16 g/cm²

0.16 g/cm²